Capital Construction ( 06-09-28 )

Since the 1950s, the capital construction industry has been plagued by excessive growth and compartmentalization. There were frequent cost overruns and construction delays, and resources were overtaxed. Project directors often failed to predict accurately the need for such elements as transportation, raw materials, and energy. A large number of small factories were built, providing surplus capacity at the national level but with deficient economies of scale at the plant level. Poor cooperation ...

Defense Industry ( 06-09-28 )

China's defense industrial complex produced weapons and equipment based predominantly on Soviet designs of the 1950s and 1960s. Because of a lack of foreign exchange, a low short-term threat perception, and an emphasis on the three other modernizations (agriculture, industry, and science and technology), China had decided to develop its defense industries gradually. It would rely primarily on domestic production, importing foreign technology only in areas of critical need. The defense ...

Energy-Electric and Nuclear Power ( 06-09-28 )

From 1949 to the mid-1980s, China pursued an inconsistent policy on the development of electric power. Significant underinvestment in the readjustment period, starting in 1979, caused serious power shortages into the mid-1980s. Although China's hydroelectric power potential was the world's largest and the power capacity was the sixth largest, 1985 estimates showed that demand exceeding supply by about 40 billion kilowatt hours per year. Because of power shortages, factories and mines routinely ...

Energy-Oil and Natural Gas ( 06-09-28 )

Before 1949 China imported most of its oil. During the First Five-Year Plan it invested heavily in exploration and well development. In 1959 vast reserves were discovered in Songhua Jiang-Liao He basin in northeast China. The Daqing oil field in Heilongjiang Province became operational in 1960. Daqing was producing about 2.3 million tons of oil by 1963, and it continued to lead the industry through the 1970s. Further important discoveries, including the major oil fields of Shengli, in Shandong, ...

Mining-Coal ( 06-09-28 )

In the first half of the twentieth century, coal mining was more developed than most industries. Such major mines as Fushun, Datong, and Kailuan produced substantial quantities of coal for railroads, shipping, and industry. Expansion of coal mining was a major goal of the First Five-Year Plan. The state invested heavily in modern mining equipment and in the development of large, mechanized mines. The long wall mining technique was adopted widely, and output reached 130 million tons in 1957. ...

Mining-Iron Ore ( 06-09-28 )

Mining-Other Minerals and Metals ( 06-09-28 )

Rural Industry ( 06-09-28 )

Building Materials ( 06-09-27 )

Chemicals ( 06-09-27 )

Electric Power Equipment ( 06-09-27 )

Electronics ( 06-09-27 )

Food Processing ( 06-09-27 )

Housing Construction ( 06-09-27 )

Iron and Steel ( 06-09-27 )

Machine Building ( 06-09-27 )

Machine Tools ( 06-09-27 )

Manufacturing ( 06-09-27 )

Metallurgical Equipment ( 06-09-27 )

Other Consumer Goods ( 06-09-27 )